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 The process of reproduction and the urge for sexual connection were venerated as two separate forces in the ancient religions of the west. Sex and fertility were rarely confused with one another. Crossover cults might muddle them together—but not usually. If you couldn’t have babies or your cows refused to calf, you prayed at the shrine of a certain god, or a specific aspect of that god. If you had a sexual concern or you were lovesick, you prayed at another.


Pleas for fertility were offered at the temples of Attis, Cybele, Demeter, and Isis. Prayers for success in love were offered to the lustful aspects of Adonis, Aphrodite, Dionysius, Eros, and Ishtar. 

The devout paid their homage in different ways. They made prayers or gave gifts. Or they had sex with each another or with the deity’s sacred harlots — girls or boys. 


Before the common, or Christian era, sexual longing, for the same or opposite sex, was seen as a primordial urge apart from pro-creation. This belief is captured in a famous passage of Plato’s Symposium:  The gods created three kinds of humans—female, male, and intersex—the third kind of human had both genders. These proto-humans were sphere-shaped. They had had two heads, two sets of sex organs, four arms, and four legs. When they wanted to get somewhere fast, they rolled on all their limbs like cartwheels. They were very powerful. They even challenged the gods, who took their vengeance by cutting every single human sphere in half. And so were created the two-legged, two-armed, one-headed humans we know today.  

According to Plato, each half of a female sphere longs for the other. So too with the male halves of male spheres. The halves of the intersex spheres long for their opposite sex—these are the straight couples. Plato put it more eloquently: 


... when a person meets the half that is his very own, whatever his orientation, whether it’s to young men, or not, then something wonderful happens: The two are struck from their senses by love, by a sense of belonging to one another, and by desire, and they don’t want to be separated from one another, not even for a moment ...


Plato goes on:


...  we used to be complete wholes in our original nature, and now “Love” is the name for our pursuit of wholeness, for our desire to be complete. 


Plato did not see the desire to belong, to pursue wholeness, to love, to connect with another, as an essentially procreative activity.


Non-procreative sex played a dominate role in the social and domestic lives of the ancient world as well as in its philosophy and mythology. All kinds of non-procreative sex acts were pictured all over household pottery in ancient Greece. How people had sex—with boys, with toys, with sex workers, with slaves—was a favorite household decoration. No one seems to have been shy about it. Thousands of these vases and dishes can still be seen in museums around the world. There were so many pots illustrated with pictures of men having sex with prostitutes—pornê—that it inspired our word pornography, a composite of pornê and graphê, Greek for illustration. Women could purchase dildos¾olisbos¾without breaking the law. These fake penises were made of padded leather or wood. They were one of the major exports of a Greek city in Asia Minor. Lubricated with olive oil, these sex toys were used for masturbation.  They were also used by women who had sex with other women. 

The Romans decorated their homes with murals and mosaics of women and men having sex.


Procreation does not seem to be the goal in these works of art. There were drinking goblets decorated with men fucking other men and boys.  Of women having oral sex with each other. Of men going down on women.  Even the chits the Romans used for playing board and gambling games—spinitriae—were decorated with images of people having sex. The women in most of these images are taking an active role in giving themselves, and their partners, pleasure. The Romans were very easy with these images, which were everywhere.  They were in places where the kids could look at them.  Where women could look at them. Having pictures in the dining room of people having sex was common, not exceptional.


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Non-procreative sex was so de rigeur  in the ancient west that an herb—silphium—popularly used for contraception became extinct and states had to pass laws to force men to marry and become parents.  


Athenian youth of 594 BCE, for example, didn’t want to get married—ever. Why should they? They didn’t expect to find love in marriage, which was nearly always arranged for money and property. They could enjoy sex on most any occasion they liked with boys, slaves, or sex workers. Who needed a loveless civic obligation like marriage or children? In his election bid to be tyrant, the Iron-age philosopher Solon promised a return to the Bronze-Age family values of Homer. His solutions were very simple:  Force men to marry.  When elected, Solon obligated men to marry. They had to have children. They also had to have vaginal intercourse with their wives at least three times a month. They could still go to their boyfriends or sex workers whenever they liked. (But men had to keep their hands off citizen women who were not their wives, and they had to marry.


It seems men continued to avoid marriage, anyway. More than a hundred years later, in 451 BCE, there were still not enough aristocrat babies being born.  Pericles was the new ruler of Athens. He gave the old laws new teeth—men had to get married, or else! The laws of Pericles were known as the Citizenship Laws.  Men who didn’t obey them would lose their citizenship and property. They had to serve in the military until they were 30. During that time they were encouraged to have other men for lovers. That was good for army morale. After that, they had to get married and have children. They could still have boy friends if they wanted to, but they had to have legitimate sons who would grow up to be warrior citizens. 


To make respectable women more sexually appealing to the guys, artists were, for the first time, encouraged to depict women nude in vase painting.  And even the images on household pottery shifted from the “revelry” themes of homoerotic seductions and heterosexual rape to pictures of domestic warmth and tranquility between women and men. Marriage became romanticized on dinnerware.  These pictures of affectionate married couples were very likely designed to persuade women and men to accept the sexual and social roles expected of them. The love of paides and erastes was not yet outlawed. But it was increasingly regarded as old-fashioned.


In the first century BCE in Rome, stringent laws were also needed to force men into marriage. Like Solon and Pericles, the first Roman Emperor, Octavius Augustus, passed a slew of laws—jus trium liberorum—to declare that all citizens had to marry and have children. Just as many men wanted to avoid marriage and many women were repelled by the idea of having babies, there were penalties for not doing so. There were also penalties for not remarrying if a spouse died or a marriage failed during one’s reproductive years. Men between 20 and 50 who had no wife, and women and men over 25 who had no children, couldn’t own property. On the other hand, couples who had three or more children got rewards in property and in cash. Senators were required to take wives from their own class or forfeit their senatorial rights.


Emperor Augustus made fornication with free women and men—stuprum—illegal outside of marriage. Upper-class men were expected to have sex with sex workers and slaves—female or male, but they were prohibited from having sex with unmarried citizen women or widows. Upper-class women were forbidden any kind of sex outside of marriage. 


But even as Plato composed his charming myth in the late 4th century BCE, there was always plenty of moralizing and suspicion about sexual desire.  The Stoic school, for example, taught that sex itself was bad. The founder of the Stoic school in Athens was Zeno. He was about 25 at the time. He got himself all excited about two ancient Persian ideas that were the brainchildren of the prophet Zoroaster. One was that the world is divided into two parts—good and evil. The world of the spirit is good. The physical world is evil. The other idea was that the soul is rewarded or punished for eternity. 

Like the Buddha, Zeno said that the material world was bad. Indifference to suffering was good. Self satisfaction was bad. Accepting one’s fate was good. The sex drive was bad. Sex was responsible for destroying old-fashioned family values. It distracted men from marriage. It was destructive for the family. Not only was sex bad, the body itself was bad. The body and its sexual needs had to be strictly contained and controlled.  And so the scene was set for the Christian era and the abstinence-until-marriage movement of our own time.


When it came to sex and the desire to connect, Plato’s most famous student, spoke less of love than he did of biology and reproduction. In his Generation of Animals, Aristotle cataloged the many ways in which animals reproduce. Copulation was a reproductive tool. Although Aristotle permitted sexual pleasure outside of procreative efforts when it served the health and well-being of the mind and soul, he believed that humans should follow the example of animals and be “continent” about their sexual pleasures. He held that sexual expression was “dangerous, hard to control, harmful to health, and draining.” Aristotle’s views were to dominate zoological and moral teaching in the Judeo-Christian west for nearly 2,500 years.


Six hundred years after Aristotle, Christian Bishop, Augustine of Hippo, taught that sexual intercourse even in marriage, even for the begetting of children was a sin — a “venal” sin, but a sin nevertheless Fornication, rape, incest, and adultery were also “venal.” Augustine considered them “natural sins” because they could lead to procreation. Rape, incest, and adultery were less serious violations of the natural order and therefore less sinful than masturbation and oral and anal sex, which were contraceptive, “unnatural,” and very serious sins and crimes. 


In the 13th century, Thomas Aquinas married his readings and misreadings of Aristotelian “science” and philosophy to Augustine’s violent Zoroastrian hatred of the physical world. To Augustine’s list of serious sins of the flesh, he added deviation from the missionary position. He did so because he believed that it was more difficult to conceive a pregnancy in any other position.”  Misinterpreting Aristotle, Acquinas claimed that “In sexual intercourse the human being becomes similar to the beast” Unlike Aristotle’s, Acquinas’s analogy was not a positive one.


In Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven, Catholic theologian Uta Ranke Heineman traces the Western church’s thinking and beliefs about non-procreative sexual expression from Aristotle and the Stoics through Augustine and Aquinas to today’s Christian church. She demonstrates that the Medieval, Roman Catholic views of Thomas Aquinas dominated Judeo-Christian theology and secular Western thinking about human sexuality well into the 20th century,  i.e., that sexual intercourse was morally permissive only in committed heterosexual relationships when procreation was a possible, if not always a desired, outcome. For papal motivation behind church attitudes about sexuality in the last two centuries, there is no better general source than Garry Wills’ Papal Sins, published in 2000.


During the middle of the 19th century, science colluded with Judeo-Christian theology and social and economic politics to reinforce the doctrine that procreation was the sine qua non of sexual desire. The Industrial Revolution had spread worldwide. Nations of the west saw their world through a filter colored by a global excitement with mass production and economic competition. Victoria, and all she stood for, was Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress of India. 

In this milieu Charles Darwin published Origin of the Species. He suggested that all sexual behavior was tied to reproductive effort. Darwin’s concept of “sexual selection” paralleled his theory of “natural selection.” He saw sexual selection as a “battle,” usually by the males, for access to reproductive females. Only the most fit would get to reproduce and all sexual selection was about reproductive success. 


Darwin expanded his thinking about sex selection in The Descent of Man, which he published in 1874. His theories of sexual selection were not only in perfect harmony with the Industrial Revolution’s sense of competition; they were in perfect sync with his Queen’s strong beliefs that sex belonged in the domain of domesticity and reproduction. 


Darwin’s theories concurred with Victorian stereotypes and biases about human sexuality:

  •   Males are stronger, more passionate, and more dominant than females.

  • The most fit males fight for and win the right to breed with the most fit females.

  • The female of the species is always “less eager” than the male and has no need to compete sexually.

  • Sexual selection never happens before or after reproductive age.

  • Animal pairing are “mostly” monogamous.

  • Sexual selection in all animals includes the most important elements of “love” and “sympathy.”

  • Sex nearly always occurs in a “breeding” season—which Darwin calls “the season of love.”

  • Sex exists to serve “propagation.”

  • Animals “know what they’re about” when they select each other for procreation or making “marriage arrangements,” a term he uses to describe the relationships of reptiles.


With the religious and social prejudices of his Queen, Darwin does not entertain the possibility of non-procreative sexual “selection”.



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Very few seem to have argued with Darwin’s theory of sex selection. The general assumption that animals have sex only in order to reproduce was unquestioned and reinforced throughout most of the 20th century. Sexual expression that had no direct procreative potential—masturbation and same-sex partnering for example—has been largely held suspect and considered deviant.  Heads of biology departments, like the one who lectured at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1962, taught that animals only had sex for reproduction, usually during some delineated “breeding” season. We were taught that, with very rare exceptions—homo sapiens being a nearly unique example—even warm-blooded vertebrates were uniformly monogamous. 


Although Darwin did not use the term “reproductive instinct” in his theory of sex selection, his concept that animals “know what they’re about” when they select one another for sex, i.e., reproduction, became amplified in the concept that “reproductive instinct” was the driving, and even conscious, force behind all sexual expression, whether in, to use John Money’s terms, “robotic” or in “non-robotic” animals. 


In their well-intentioned and humane efforts to destigmatize non-procreative behaviors and make them seem less deviant, especially among adult humans in the western world, many sexologists forcibly wedged all non-procreative sexual behaviors—such as masturbation, same-sex mounting, and intercourse outside of estrus—into this procreative paradigm. According to these apologists, there is no such thing as an essentially non-procreative sexual activity. All sexual activity, even if seemingly non-procreative, can only be legitimized in terms of reproductive value. It is argued that non-procreative sexual expression rehearses and improves reproductive prowess. Or it fulfills a “helper” role that ensures species survival. Or it regulates population growth, etc., etc. 


Even as homosexuality, for example, is increasingly seen as an anatomical if not genetic predisposition throughout the animal, it continues to be theorized as a behavior that is beneficial to the reproductive and survival strategies of the species—that it conforms to the rules of Darwin’s theories about natural and sexual selection. Countless papers in the fields of queer theory and evolutionary psychology have been published to support the theory that any and all non-procreative behaviors in all species are “successful” and will only recur when they support the reproductive success of the species.


In 1999, Bruce Bagemihl’s landmark meta-analysis, Biological Exuberance, invited us all to take a look at the man behind the curtain of this procreationist view of our biological world. Bagemihl points to the increasing scientific evidence that so-called “lower,” non-human animals frequently engage in sexual behavior, including same-sex behavior, that cannot result in reproduction. Like other scientists at the end of the 20th century, Bagemihl  demonstrates that humans aren’t the only animals who have non-reproductive sex. Animals have sex for the sake of having sex. They do it in thousands of inventive ways. 


Dogs lick themselves into ecstasy or hump themselves wildly against your leg. Red stags get erect by rubbing their antlers on tree trunks. Lady porcupines straddle sticks and drag them against the ground, getting a kick out of the vibrations that doing so makes against their sex organs. A lady gibbon is likely to make a dildo out of any object that will fit into her vagina. (Strong & DeVault, 1997, 304). 


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So far, we know that more than 450 species of animals enjoy same-sex pleasure. Many enjoy same-sex pairbonds. The number of animals that we learn have same-sex activities keeps increasing. Same-sex activity is common among females and males and among all kinds of animals—mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects. The octopus does it deep in the ocean.  He slips his sex tentacle inside his boyfriend—of a different species!—to stroke his pleasure spot.  Mallard drakes  and buck giraffes mount each other to rub sex organs. Dolphins enjoy penis-to-penis frottage. Sometimes they even fuck one another’s blow holes. Female western gulls nest and raise broods together.  Female gorillas and chimpanzees have a good time brushing their clitorises together. So do cattle, pigs, and rabbits. Male chimps mount one another.   Bonobo apes enjoy celebrating the prospect of a good meal with an orgy. Age, social position, and gender don’t matter to them. The whole clan eagerly swaps partners. Everyone has a few good orgasms. Then they eat.


In his view of non-procreative sexual activity, Bagemihl goes further than many of his colleagues. He demonstrates that all animals have sex that has absolutely no reproductive potential—they do it with partners, or at times, or in ways that obviate the reproductive possibility. Bagemihl suggests that the sex drive, the impulse to connect, can be an end in itself in the animal kingdom. He is not alone. In his 2002 study of homosexuality among domestic cattle, domestic sheep, Uganda kobs, and Japanese macaques, Paul L. Vasey found that “Qualitative research on three of the species identified in this review fails to provide support the conclusion that the same-sex sexual behavior and by extension, same-sex partner preference, they exhibit have any sociosexual function. 


Bagemihl goes further than most and suggests that sexual reproduction is an incidental by-product of an essential exuberant desire of organisms to connect—a “biological exuberance”—one that is reminiscent of ancient, pre-Christian religion and mythology. Could Bagemihl be onto something? To hint at a possible answer to that question, I ask you to travel back in time with me, maybe 3.5 billion years. It is the moment when sexual reproduction first took place. We see two one-celled lifeforms encountering one another in the briny deep. Instead of avoiding each other in fear of being eaten, they rub up against each other. They connect. They actually merge. In their connection, they allow their DNA to fuse and split away from them. A new life form emerges from their connection. It is very like, but not exactly like, its parents, who have separated from one another and have drifted far away from each other into the deep.


What caused this very first instance of sexual reproduction? What brought these early life forms into contact with one another? Was it reproductive instinct? How could an organism have an instinct for something that has never happened before? What else could have brought these two life forms together? Was it just an accident? Could an accident lead to reproduction? What caused the accident? Could it be that life forms like to connect? Could it be that connection sometimes leads to reproduction? Could it be that reproduction among animals is a side effect, not the cause, of the urge to connect? Is this as useful an explanation for sexual behavior as reproductive instinct? Is it more useful? Is it possible that sexual selection is more about sex than it is about reproduction?


We know that for most people, procreation is at the bottom of the list of reasons to have sex. Most times, we have other reasons: We have sex because we like feeling attracted and attractive. We want to relieve stress, we want to feel pleasure, or we want to feel nurtured. We want to feel power, or we want to let our partners feel power. All of these reasons for having sex are much more frequent than our desire to have a kid. Can this be true for other animals? We want to connect. Why do we not see, as Plato and others of the ancient world have seen, that the impulse to connect is a universal and essential impulse regardless of reproductive potential? The answer to this question is important. It shapes the lens through which we observe our sexual world—as individuals, as sexologists, and as a society. 

 




Presented at a conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, November 14, 2004, Madison, Wisconsin.

 

 
 
  • jonsknowles
  • Nov 20, 2022
  • 13 min read

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In Val Camonica, Italy, there is a 7,000-years-old engraving on stone of a man having sex with a donkey. The taboo against sex with animals, or with people of the same sex, hadn’t developed yet. How that taboo was fabricated is a fascinating story.


Hammurabi’s code (1750 BCE) had no rules against any way people had sex. Single, married, or divorced Babylonians cross dressed, had solo sex, queer sex, wet dreams, zoo sex, and did sex work in their temples. They used birth control & abortion. Those who couldn’t afford sex workers or spouses, or find lovers, had sex with animals. Laws offered no moral judgments about sex acts, per se. They were made to protect property rights and punished infringements.


Hammurabi assumed that people had sex for pleasure. For him, sexual pleasure was good — a normal part of life. His code contained 68 sections on family & women. There were seven on priestesses. Women’s rights were still important. His was a different world. No one was arrested teens for fornication, worried about queer sex, paid fines for nude sun bathing, harassed moms for nursing babies in public, humiliated kids for playing doctor, or threw 6-year-old boys out of school for kissing 6-year-old girls.


In 14th and 13th century BCE, Hittites began peppering their laws with the word “abomination”. They often used it to describe theft, murder, and a number of sex acts. For example, it was taboo for parents to have sex with their kids or with certain animals. Some animals were emblems of Hittite upper-crust families. Sex with a family’s totem could sap a family’s strength. Pigs, dogs & cows were ancient family totems. No one could have sex with them. They executed men who had zoo sex with totemic animals. But it was okay to have sex w/sheep, mules and horses.


But sex play was still very important. Law II, Number 196 of the Hittite Code tells a lord what to do if two slaves enjoyed a sexual abomination — katta watzi — with each other. He was to make them live in separate towns, but to keep them from feeling sexually deprived, he had to provide each with a sheep! The big loophole in the Hittite sex code for all people was Law II, Number 190. There was no punishment if a ghost seduced someone into forbidden sex or for anyone under the power of magic spells. People who could tell a good story got off scot-free.


The Israelites were even more severe than the Hittites. They wrote their Tanaka in the 12th century BCE. For their men, taking on the role of women was an abomination, so was having sex with animals. According to Leviticus, 18:23, it was an abomination for men or women to have sex with an animal.



But further west, in ancient Athens, a sex partner could be same sex, the other sex, or another species. Athenians approved bestiality, queer sex, sex toys, & solo sex. Oral sex was degrading—slaves and sex workers did it for citizens. Sex with a dog was more disgraceful. But Pasiphäe's lust for a bull sent by Poseidon, as well Zeus' incarnations of eagles, swans, and bulls to seduce women, belie a fascination with bestiality.


In ancient Rome things were pretty much the same. Caligula married his horse, as did Celtic Kings. The horse personified the land for them & kings were also wedded to their land. But Caligula may have had something else in mind. He made his horse, Incitatus, a consul.


Fornication, queer sex, solo sex, and zoo sex were also natural functions for Indigenous People in the pre-Columbian world across the Atlantic. Like eating, sexual pleasure was important for relationships, health & entertainment. It was neither sin nor shame as it became for Christians. There was also much more tolerance for variants in sexual orientation and gender role than in Europe.


The Moche, like other Indigenous people, enjoyed all kinds of sex, from anal sex to queer sex to zoo sex. None was unnatural or sinful. Sex play was far more accepted in the New World than in the Old. They gave each other hand jobs and had anal sex, bestiality, coitus, intergenerational sex, oral sex, queer sex, and solo sex. They also had sex with their gods and in religious rituals. No one felt guilty about it — or burned at the stake for it.


Things changed drastically in the Christian era. Christians had a phobia about all sex, including procreative marital coitus, which was also a sin, if only a small one. Sodomy was any kind of sex that was non-procreative & led to ejaculation. That included bestiality. Sodomy became a much greater sin than coitus in marriage. In the second century, church fathers Tertullian and Clement of Alexandria declared sex play broke “Natural Law” if it couldn’t make offspring. So good Christians could not engage in sodomy or have sex if infertile, pregnant, or menstruating! The notion was, of course, a big mistake—animals have lots of non-procreative sex!


Clement of Alexandria’ idea of “Natural Law” was based on Aristotle (d. 322 BCE), the Epistle of Barnabas from the year 130, and the musings of Ulpian in the third century. They all agreed that only reproductive sex occurs in nature — an entirely false notion. Barnabas, for example, knew so little about zoology that he forbade eating rabbit because they were so slutty that their bodies opened a new sexual orifice each year. Also, no eating hyenas: they changed gender every year. And no weasel, they conceived and birthed pups through their dirty mouths. These ancient guys’ confused and ignorant guesses about animal sex led to global bans on non-reproductive sex, especially sodomy.


In the fourth century, Augustine of Hippo amplified the teaching on Natural Law. Sodomy was worse than rape because it wasn’t reproductive. He borrowed his ideas of good vs. evil from pagan Manichaeism. But he ignored the Manichaen preference for sodomy because, unlike coitus, it didn’t reproduce the physical world, which was evil. Many remember him for his "incalculable influence" on forming church doctrine. In fact, because of him, millions of millions of us, from bators to queers to zoophiles remain shameful about our sex lives.


In 325, Emperor Constantine declared Catholicism the one true church of the empire, embraced Augustinian views of sexuality, repudiated Rome's diverse sexuality, and insisted all non-procreative sex, including sodomy, was sinful. All sex outside of marriage became sinful. Emperor Theodosius declared Catholicism the state religion in 381 and made it illegal for anyone to belong to any other religion. He forbade — on pain of death — any worship at pagan shrines. By compelling all people to become Catholic, Theodosius made it, ipso facto, criminal as well as sinful to indulge in solo sex or sodomy.


In the sixth century, Justinian (d.565) incorporated papal Natural Law into civil criminal law, even though many claimed that his wife, Empress Theodora, who as a striptease dancer in her youth used a “gimmick” of bestiality — having geese peck grain from her vagina. (As empress, she became a Christian prude, arch-conservative, and saint.)


In the seventh century, the Hindus of India wrote down their Kāma Sūtra, a how-to guide to their kāma shāstra. The kāma shāstra was 2,800 years old and was all about the blessings of fulfilling sexual desire with orgasm, with women, men, self, or animals. It was one of the three basic aims of Hindu life. But around the same time, Theodore of Canterbury, like bishops all across Europe, composed penitentials for priests to assign penance for sexual sins from fantasy and fornication to queer sex, solo sex, wet dreams, and zoo sex. Priests in Middle Ages used penitentials to list every possible sex sin during confession. During colonial times their views would dominate even the Hindu world.

Things got considerably worse for Christian folks who had sex outside of marriage: Pope Innocent IV's 1252 bull, Ad extirpandum, gave the Holy Office of the Inquisition permission to torture "sodomites" to gain their confession. After confessing it, the church executed non-conformists!


The teachings of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274) had amplified Natural Law to this deadly degree. He was remembered as a scholar, but Aquinas had definite limitations as a thinker: non-procreative sex was worse than rape because it didn’t make babies! Society still bears the burden of his ignorant anti-sex rationales.


Nicolas Eymeric wrote Directorium inquisitorum for Pope Gregory XI in 1376. It gave Catholics the license to kill “any heathen who violates natural law” by cross dressing or other signs of sodomy. Spain brought its Inquisition to the New World under its auspices. Sodomites were now “subhuman” & liable to execution & slavery, which led to genocide in the New World. Christopher Columbus enslaved and murdered Taino on the grounds some were "sodomites". He executed his own sailor, Juan de Luxan, for "sodomy". Francisco Pizzaro (d. 1541) grounded his execution of Atahualpa on the Directorium, which the Inquisition used to call for death of all sodomists. Vasco Núňez de Balboa (d. 1516) fed the two-spirited guys who had sex with his conquistadors to his dogs.


During the crusades, Christians also made excessive sexual accusations about Muslims. Cardinal Jacques de Vitry published his Oriental History in about 1225. He claimed Muhammad was a sexual wanton who popularized queer sex and zoophilia. Muhammad’s followers were even more perverse:


Sunk, dead & buried in the filth of obscene desire, pursuing like animals the lusts of the flesh.


The myth went that crusaders discovered sodomy in the east and brought it home.


Pope Clement VI went so far as to claim the Black Death of the 14th century miraculously represented God’s wrath. The Almighty was punishing the world for its sinfulness—especially of “sodomites”. Savonarola tried to revive stoning & public burning at the stake for queer sex or bestiality in 1495 Florence.


Make a pretty fire, or two or three, there in the square, of these sodomites. …make a fire that can be smelled in all of Italy.


His bloody career came to an end in 1498 when the city hanged him and publicly burned him for attacking the pope, the Medici — and the “sodomitical” sons of Florence.


Holy Inquisitions kept excellent records. Sex trials in Aragon spiked between 1560 and 1620 to stop sodomy and priests from seducing confessees. They executed more than 80 men for anal and queer sex and nearly 80 for bestiality. All names are recorded.


Use of the confessional spread in the 17th century. Catholics had to confess, during Lent, all mortal sins including four sins “against nature”: bestiality, queer sex, solo sex, or any other kind of sex play that couldn’t make babies — or they had to go to hell. Folks feared hell, and the church refused to bury those who died without confessing mortal sins. Priests kept checklists on who confessed and asked everyone to examine their consciences often between confessions to be sure to spot anything they should feel guilty about and then report back. The only way for a sodomite to avoid hell was to confess queer sex, solo sex, zoophilia, or any other kind of non-procreative sex play, do penance and be reconciled with the church. So, people confessed many times a year in case of dying before their obligatory confession.


Protestants were as vicious as Catholics when it came to sodomy and the bestiality within it. Martin Luther (d. 1546) republished text from Georgius de Hungaria’s (d. 1502) Tractatus de Moribus, Condictionibus, et Nequicia Turcorum in his Libellus de vitu et moribus Turcorum of 1530. He broadened its accusations of Muslim anal sex, bestiality, queer sex, and castration of Christian boys. He may have rejected clerical celibacy, but he certainly advanced Catholic customs of homophobia, patriarchy, sexism, and corporal punishment along with anti-Semitism & Islamaphobia with his accusations of sodomy.


1642 Duxbury Massachusetts, Protestant authorities thought animals could consent to zoo sex. They hanged a teen, Thomas Granger, for sex w/a mare, a cow, two goats, five sheep, two calves, and a turkey. He had to identify the sheep and watch their execution.


New Haven accused Thomas Hogg of bestiality in 1645, when a sow had a deformed piglet that reminded Hogg’s neighbors of the hang of his scrotum — which they often saw through his torn pants. They claimed that the pig got aroused when he touched it. Their evidence was flimsy, he was flogged for lewdness & let go. William Potter was not as lucky. His son turned him in for sex with a sow. His wife said she saw him have sex with a dog. Potter confessed to zoophilia all his life. He said it was his nature. They hanged him in 1662.


Courts needed proof that the accused penetrated the animal before they could sentence him to death. But they also severely punished any attempt. In 1681, Providence Plantations flogged Thomas Saddler of Portsmouth. He attempted bestiality with “a certain mare of blackish color”. They also branded him on the forehead with the letter P, for “pollution”. Then they banished him from the colony.


During the Age of Reason (1600–1899), a common alternative to the missionary position was sex with animals. A man might turn to it if he had no sex partners and spent a lot of time in isolation with his farm animals. Having to wait to marry or not being able to afford a wife led a lot of young men to turn to their animals for sexual release. Some women did it too. Most people tolerated it, and it was the butt of many jokes. But it was against the law.


In 18th century Europe, sex with animals was still a crime, but many women and men still did it. Angry relatives or neighbors exploited it for personal offenses. In Sweden from 1635 to 1754, for example, Royal Courts tried 14 women & 1,486 men for bestiality. They had about a third of them executed, sentenced a third to forced labor and/or corporal punishment, and acquitted another third. Nevertheless, many still got a kick out of it. For example, Andréa de Nerciat’s Le Diable au corps —The Devil in the Flesh of 1803 included a vignette about a lady having sex with a donkey.


Overall, 19th century Christianity was still a shame factory, making its members feel guilt about the many kinds of natural non-procreative sex play, and it still influenced governments to curtail sexual rights, woman’s rights, and civil rights.


Some, like Jeremy Bentham (d. 1832), argued to legalize sodomy. His Introduction to the Principles of Morals & Legislation argued queer sex and zoophilia, as crimes, invited blackmail & extortion, which could ruin a person — even when the accusations were untrue.


But Charles Darwin (d. 1882) overwhelmed the thinking of progressives such as Bentham. Darwin revolutionized ideas on evolution, but he imposed Victorian stereotypes, such as straight monogamy, on animal sexuality, in spite of the facts. Very simply: snakes don't marry, elephants do trunk jobs, male lions mount each other, and rabbits mount chickens. His The Descent of Man also promoted the false idea that animal females, including women, were inferior in body and mind to males, including men. And it was blind to any possibility of non-procreative sex selection, such as interspecies sex, queer sex, solo sex, and zoophilia.


In 1869, Pope Pius IX browbeat his cardinals to give in to his request for papal infallibility. Since then popes are infallible on pronouncements of doctrine. Their proclamations on birth control, queer sex, solo sex, women, and zoophilia, although medieval, are set in stone and irreversible forever. They will always be mortal sins for Catholics.


The Congress of the USA’s 1948 Miller Act, made it illegal to take in the mouth or anus the genitals of any other person or animal. The sentence was 10 years, or 20 if with anyone under 16. That same year, Alfred Kinsey reported that up half of all farm boys had some kind of sex with animals by the time they were teens or adults. He later found only up to four in 100 girls had sex play with animals — mostly with cats and dogs. But the taboo stood strong. Kinsey’s colleague Wardell Pomeroy warned youngsters who had sex with animals to tell no one, even their shrinks. Even most pros couldn’t handle the taboo.


That explains why, when I was a boy in the early, still agrarian 1950s, farmer families made friendly cunning jokes about boys and calves, which would suck “anything”. But in today's urbanized, college-educated culture, we question whether calves or other animals "consent" to suck or fuck with another species.


Hani Miletski published her book, Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia in 2002. Vern Bullough, reviewed it in The Journal of Sex Research.


This is the best overall survey of bestiality that I have read. … Miletski, following the work of Mark Matthews (1994), believes there are two general classes of people who have sex with animals: (1) the "bestialists" who have had one or a few sexual contacts with an animal or use animals when a more "normal" outlet is not available; and (2) the "Zoophiles," individuals who prefer an animal as a sex partner, often forming deep emotional relationships with them.


Hani Miletski is a very brave soul and the publication of her book was very promising toward a broader understanding and toleration of zoo sex. She did her research within an online community zoophiles built in the 1990s. But members of that community shunned a member, “Mike Rolland”, for abusing animals. In retaliation, he formed the Animal Sexual Abuse Information and Resource Site in 1998 as payback to outlaw bestiality and zoophilia. By 2001, working with the Humane Society of U.S., he had gotten 30 states to formally outlaw it as animal abuse.


In 1999, Bruce Baghemil gathered studies to show hundreds of animal species have more non-procreative than procreative sex, and may indulge in interspecies sex. For a few examples, he showed that female porcupines get off by scooting along while dragging a branch between their legs; queer flamingo dads build nests twice as high as straight flamingos to raise their chicks; and female spotted hyenas mount each other, with their penis-like clitorises, Many other animals enjoy orgasm with non-procreative sex play. We’ve seen such un-straight behavior in 1,500 species so far. This alone should have voided the Vatican’s teaching on “Natural Law”, which it still invokes it to condemn birth control, queer sex, solo sex, and zoophilia. But the church has never been interested in science or honest facts.


Some folks have retained their common sense. New Jersey charged 42-year-old Robert Melia in 2006 with cruelty against animals for letting calves suck him. Superior Court Judge James Morley dismissed charges. Here’s an excerpt from the trial:

Prosecutor: The calf … thinks it’s about to get milk. Well, the calf doesn’t ever get milk. A reasonable juror could say that a man’s penis in the mouth of a calf is tormenting that calf. I mean, Judge, I think it’s fair to say that it’s an act against nature.


Judge: But the cow doesn’t know it’s an act against nature… any of us who have children know that children love to suck their fingers. They love it so much that they just won’t stop. [So we] give them pacifiers … I never had doctors come and say this torments the child. If we know that children just like to suck things, can we say that the calf, which has far less cognitive power than an infant, simply doesn’t enjoy doing the same thing!


Catherine Deneuve’s character falls in love w/a gorilla in The Brand New Testament. The 2015 film by Jaco Van Dormael hilariously ridicules Christian doctrine about gender and sexuality, including sodomy and bestiality. It’s definitely a must see.


But punishments for sodomy and other kinds of unapproved sex have been horrifying. Christians have cut sex organs off kids for solo sex, whipped and flogged adults for sex on holy days, burned people alive for cross dressing, imprisoned them for having sex out of marriage, drawn and quartered them for bestiality, maimed, murdered and sentenced them to hard labor for queer sex, stigmatized women for having kids without husbands, denied marriage to men who can’t get a hard on, women who can’t get pregnant, and stripped human rights of women for their gender.


Our sex taboos are 1,000s of years old and still haunt, even if we’ve forgotten their reasons. We know sexual pleasure strengthens us as families and individuals, but we let taboos screw up our sense of what is good, natural, normal, meaningful, or just fun. Ghosts of the history of sex dull sexual pleasure for all of us. Let us all exorcise these ghosts by understanding where they come from.


 
 
  • jonsknowles
  • Jul 31, 2020
  • 2 min read

Updated: Dec 13, 2022


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There are lots of legends about the Bronze Age Amazons. This tribe of women loved to have sex with men. But they refused to marry them, submit to them, and lived apart from them. In the stories, they killed all their male-children, or returned them to their fathers. They were hunters, farmers, and warriors. They were the first to use horses in battle and to make weapons of iron. They became associated with the double-headed axe — the labrys, which is now associated with lesbianism.


They conquered Syria and the kingdoms of the ancient Middle East. Legend has it that the Greek hero, Hercules, subdued the Amazons. He may have been the guy that spread the rumor that Amazons burned off their right breasts to make it easier for them to use a bow and arrow! My college professors taught us that Amazons and the stories about them were myths.


True, no one is sure if there really was a tribe of women called Amazons. But it seems there were women very much like them. Certainly such women lived in Scythia — now the Ukraine. They dominated the culture there from about 600–400 BCE. Similar women lived much further east until 200 BCE. The graves and remains of these women are very unusual. Some were bowlegged from horseback riding. Others died from battle wounds. Many were buried with horse trappings, quivers filled with arrows, swords, daggers, and whetstones with which to sharpen all their blades. For the last century or so, archeologists thought the bones in these graves were men’s. But DNA testing proved these honored warriors and priests to be women. On the other hand, these tribes surrounded the men they buried with pots and kitchen utensils, but without weapons. They buried some with children in their arms.


Adrienne Mayor wrote “Who Invented Trousers?” for Natural History in 2014. She compared the way Amazons and Scythians dressed to the Greeks:

Moreover, the gaudy, colorful patterns and rough textures of Amazon and Scythian leggings and trousers clashed with elegantly draped Greek garments. But perhaps even more worrying was the fact that males and females often wore exactly the same costume: hat, tunic, belt, boots, and trousers. Many features of this unisex outfit disquieted the Greeks. First, it signified that the two sexes behaved the same way and engaged in the same physical activities. Like the horse, trousers were equalizers, permitting women to move freely and be as athletically active as a man while preserving modesty. … It was damnably difficult to know whether someone in trousers was a man or a woman.

We know these people were nomads. It seems that women led the men of their families. The women held the property, served as priests, and hunted game. They defended their people with bows and arrows from the backs of their horses. Other tribes like theirs may have roamed the thousands of miles between Hungary in Europe and Kazakhstan in Asia. Some said they were the daughters of the Amazons. Herodotus agreed. He was the “Father of History” and may have been the greatest historian of the ancient world. And he may have been right.

 
 
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